When tacrolimus was combined with Lacto, the signaling pathways, including IFN-γ and IFN-α response, allograft rejection, IL2 STAT5 signaling and the inflammatory response, were further downregulated (Figure 4C), implying that the combined therapy of tacrolimus and Lacto further inhibited the inflammatory response in the colonic mucosa of colitis mice compared to the tacrolimus monotherapy group. This evidence concerns the gene IL2 and colitis.