Published evidence also supports that colonic VDR signaling upregulated by 1,25−dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) or microbial metabolites (bile acids, butyrate, etc.)contributed to the restoration of macrophage subtype balance, thus ameliorating colitis (Zhu et al., 2019; Battistini et al., 2020). Here, VDR is linked to colitis.