IL-6 is considered to be an upstream inflammatory cytokine that is associated with endothelial dysfunction (mediating the upregulation of the leukocytes’ adhesion molecules ICAM-I and VCAM-I) and subclinical atherosclerosis [33,50] and therefore, its production by CAEC in response to IL-32 β and γ may represent one of the mechanisms by which IL-32 contributes to coronary artery dysfunction and inflammation. Here, IL6 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.