Potential confounding factors included age, sex, Hb A1C levels, number of current diabetes medications, insulin use, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, cirrhosis and steroid use within 90 days (Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene INS and chronic kidney disease.