ZC3HAV1 and infection: To determine whether this change in dinucleotide frequency affects replication in vitro in a ZAP-dependent manner, WT HEK-293T and ZAP KO cells were infected with WT DTV as well as CpG- and UpA-recoded viruses at two different MOI (1 and 0.1 PFU/cell) to assess initial infection at an early time point and viral spread over time.