The overall reductions in excess mortality rates across calendar years among PLHIV initiating HAART were evident in strata of age, sex, marital status, educational level, infection routes, CD4 counts, initial HAART regimens, HAART regimen transition, and viral suppression, except advanced WHO clinical stage and time from diagnosis to HAART initiation ≥ 12 months (Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and infection.