If sunflower pollen reduces infection via changes in the host bumble bee immune system, we would expect transcripts associated with canonical immune signaling pathways, including the Melanization and Encapsulation, Toll, Jak/STAT, IMD/JNK, or RNAi pathways [35], to be differentially expressed in sunflower pollen-fed bees compared to bees fed wildflower pollen control diet. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is infection.