TNF and anemia (phenotype): P. falciparum malaria-related anaemia develops through complex mechanisms including the suppression of erythropoiesis, placental sequestration of infected erythrocytes, and haemolysis of both infected and non-infected erythrocytes, inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 and direct interaction with parasite variant surface antigens [4, 10].