TNF and anemia (phenotype): The pathophysiology of P. falciparum malaria-related anaemia in pregnancy is still complicated, and may occur through the suppression of erythropoiesis, placental sequestration of parasitized and non-parasitized erythrocytes, haemolysis of both infected and non-infected erythrocytes, inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, and direct interaction with parasite variant surface antigens [4, 9–11].