TLR4 and Lassa fever: Some recent studies have shown promising results by using analogs of TLR-4 or tuftsin to improve vaccine protection in LF (Chauhan et al. 2017; Paul et al. 2018; Khatri et al. 2018), because TLR4 involvement has been linked to protective immunity (Shey et al. 2019; Kerepesi et al. 2005).