Healthy rat serum-derived exosomes have also shown neuroprotective effects in combating stroke injury in in vitro (50 μg/mL) and in vivo (800 μg/kg, i.v.)models through elevation of the p-Akt/Akt ratio, claudin-5, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62 expression while reducing BBB leakage, cell apoptosis, MMP-9, cleaved caspase-3, and LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio. Here, SQSTM1 is linked to Stroke.