In cancer immunotherapy, many inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, TGF-β, and CSF, have been used in combination with anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 agents, and have shown promising improvement in therapeutic outcomes, in comparison to monotherapy agents Cytokines, which exert therapeutic efficacy by potentiating immune response and inhibiting the immunosuppressive activity. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.