Lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, interferon γ (IFN-γ), TNF-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF), can reduce lung cancer risk, particularly among smokers [93]. Here, CSF2 is linked to lung carcinoma.