PCSK9 and autoimmune disease: There is rising evidence regarding the role of PCSK9 in other types of inflammation, including autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which elevated serum levels of PCSK9 are associated with higher disease activity [146,147]; psoriasis, which is related to increased serum PCSK9 levels and higher PCSK9 expression in psoriatic lesions than in disease-free skin [148,149]; and HIV infection [150,151].