TAT and HIV infectious disease: HIV viral protein Tat is a major pathogenic factor for HAND and neuroHIV, as its expression in the brain of doxycycline (Dox)-inducible astrocyte-specific HIV Tat transgenic mice (iTat) in the absence of HIV infection leads to locomotor, learning and memory deficits [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52], and astrocyte/microglia activation, chronic neuroinflammation and loss of neuronal integrity [43,48,50,51,53], the consistent neurological and neuropathological hallmarks of HAND and neuroHIV in the era of antiretroviral therapy.