TNF and osteonecrosis: Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection causes an increase in inflammatory cytokines such as C-X-C motif–chemokine 10 (CXCL10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (ILs) 1 beta, 6, 8 and 17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), resulting in bone mineral loss, osteonecrosis and chondrolysis [38].