VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Indicators of inflammation, oxidative stress and haemostasis used as biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with DM include the intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the adhesion molecule of vascular cells-1 (VCAM-1), P-selectin, E-selectin, Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA), oxidized LDL particles and endothelin-1 [33,34].