In contrast to the male subjects with normal iron, those with low iron tended to have DM, CVD (particularly congestive heart failure and cerebrovascular disease), malnutrition–inflammation, higher MIS, lower eGFR, higher UPCR, lower Hb, decreased albumin, elevated WBC, elevated CRP, lower bicarbonate, and higher HbA1c. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and malnutrition.