TNF and cancer: Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 16 studies, including 11,702 patients with an immune-mediated inflammatory disease and a history of previous cancer, confirmed that the rate of recurrent cancer was not higher in patients receiving immunomodulators than that in patients without an immunomodulator or anti-TNF (anti-TNF: 33.8/1000 PY vs. immunomodulator: 36.2/1000 PY vs. no immunosuppression: 37.5/1000 PY).