In the CESAME study analyzing data from 17,047 IBD patients with previous cancer, there was no significant increase in the risk of overall (new or recurrent cancers) in the IBD patients exposed to immunosuppressants, including thiopurines, MTX, and anti-TNF (new cancer; 23.1 vs. 13.2/1000 PY, and recurrent cancer; 3.9 vs. 6.0/1000 PY for exposure and non-exposure to immunosuppressants, respectively) [45]. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.