BDNF and schizophrenia: Ray and coauthors showed that BDNF expression was downregulated in layers IV and V of the DLPFC, layer VI of the ACC, layer VI of the inferior temporal gyrus, and layer V and/or VI of the superior temporal gyrus in patients with schizophrenia [388], and other studies have found decreased BDNF expression in the PFC and hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia [389] consistent with the hypothesis of its neuroprotective effect.