TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Activation of astrocytes and microglia cause high expression of IL-1β, COX-2, and TNF-α at the onset and during the progression of ALS in SOD1G93A mice, and that treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), rofecoxib or celecoxib, markedly inhibited the expression of COX-2 [68,79,80].