EVs isolated from the plasma of women with gestational diabetes induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [150]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and gestational diabetes.