TNF and Cowden disease: In addition, the anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody infliximab, which blocks TNF-induced inflammation and has been successfully used in IBD therapy, notably improves endothelial dysfunction in CD by enhancing agonist-induced vasodilatation, by reducing thrombus formation through inhibition of the CD40/CD40L/sCD40L pathway, and by inhibiting TNF-α-induced endothelial cell permeability [265,266,267].