TGFB1 and neoplasm: Altogether, these observations demonstrated the capacity of tumor stromal cells to enhance JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signaling in CSCs, suggesting that JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways might be engaged in the functioning of tumor stromal cells on PTC CSCs, while NF-kB and TGF-β signaling were unlikely to have contributed to the tumor stromal cells’ effect, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, on PTC CSCs.