TFAP2A and craniosynostosis: Conversely, TFAP2A was among the most increased DEGs in metopic craniosynostosis patients, compared to controls, and although it does not have a known association with craniosynostosis, its family of genes (TFAP) has been associated with other craniofacial deficiencies in tissues from a neural crest lineage [19], including branchio-oculo-facial syndrome [20], Char syndrome [21], and neural tube and skeletal defects [22].