For each etiology-based subgroup (NAFLD, ALD, viral hepatitis, and “other”), CXCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 were significantly elevated in HCC patients and might be used as etiology-independent HCC-discriminant chemokine panel (Table 2). Here, CXCL9 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.