When tested in a nude mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model, hBD-1 expression inhibited tumor growth by inducing protein degradation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and this subsequently activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, which mediated the inhibitory effect of hBD-1 [45]. The gene discussed is DEFB1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.