Finally, cybrid cells treated with citicoline present lower HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha) and VEGF gene-expression rates than those in untreated cells; this is important, due to HIF-1α and VEGF activation being related to angiogenesis in choroidal neovascularization in AMD. Here, HIF1A is linked to age-related macular degeneration.