GDNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Similarly, the analysis of the sperm epigenome in the F3 generation showed alterations in the 197 DNA methylation regions including some obesity-associated genes including Fgf19 (fibroblast growth factor 19), Esrra (estrogen-related receptor alpha), Tnfrsf12a (TNF receptor superfamily member 12A), Wnt10b (Wnt family member 10B), and Gdnf (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor), together with increased obesity incidence after prenatal exposure to a mixture of plastics (containing BPA, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate) at the lower dose employed [25].