TNF and atherosclerosis: Moreover, the up-regulation of the PPARα expression level observed in the RJ group explained the lower serum levels of NF-κB and TNF-α recorded in this group in agreement with previous literature proving that in models of systemic inflammation, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and atherosclerosis, PPARα may negatively affect the pro-inflammatory and acute phase response signaling pathway [101].