After demonstrating that in patients with advanced melanoma the NY-ESO-1 antigen stimulated spontaneous NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells, they demonstrated through the analysis of CD8(+) T-lymphocytes that a subset of these PD-1(+) NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells regulated Tim-3 expression and that Tim-3(+)PD-1(+) NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells were more dysfunctional than Tim-3(-)PD-1(+) and Tim-3(-)PD-1(-) NY-ESO-1. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is melanoma.