The authors subjected the extracranial and intracranial tumour specimens to immunophenotypic staining for programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and T cell immunoglobulin and domain-mucin containing-3 (TIM-3). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.