Other promoter mutations are frequently altered in HCC in pathways that are related to the following: cell cycle control (TP53, CDKNA2 and CCND1); chromatin modifiers (ARID1A and ARID2); the RTK/KRAS/PI3K pathway (RPS6KA3, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, FGF19 and VEGFA); oxidative stress (NFE2L2 and KEAP1); and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (CTNNB1 and AXIN1) [17,18]. This evidence concerns the gene PIK3CA and hepatocellular carcinoma.