Augmented transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway activity mediated by autocrine or tumor-associated macrophages (TAM)-derived overproduction has been implicated in the aggressive biology and poor overall survival of adult high-grade glioma patients by promoting invasive and rapid glioma cell growth [30,31,32,33,34,35]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is glioma.