BIRC5 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Moreover, HPV+ HNSCC exosomes, which carried E6/E7 oncoproteins, p16INK4a/CDKN2A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) and survivin, promoted DC maturation triggering the activation of anti-tumour immune responses, thereby improving outcome in patients with HPV+ve HNSCC [316].