HRAS and neoplasm: The TCGA further categorized genes into the following: well-described smoking-associated mutational signatures, altering protooncogenes, i.e., c-MYC, c-KIT, EGFR, HER-2, RAS-KRAS, HRAS, NRAS, ERB-B, BRAF, BCL-2, STAT3 and tumour suppression genes called anti-oncogenes, i.e., RB1, P53, INK4, PTEN, CDKN2A, as well as genes promoting a pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment [3,19].