VCAM1 and neoplasm: VEGF/VEFR overexpression is often found in human solid tumours, which, apart from activating angiogenesis, reduce vascular permeability and inhibit the expression of adhesion molecules and coactivators, i.e., VLA-4/VCAM-1 and LFA-1/ICAM-1, thus promoting a decrease in adhesion of CTL effector lymphocytes to the endothelium and preventing the colonization of tumours by immunocompetent cells (TILs).