While examining CCM3 and PAQR7 expression, we observed NORM tissue samples contained more co-localized “clumped” patterns for CCM3 and PAQR7 (Figure 5B—60× imaging) compared to both HCC and cHCC-CCA tissues, suggesting down regulation of key members of the CmPn network during liver tumorigenesis. Here, PAQR7 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.