IRF4 and infection: While IL-6, IRF4, IRF6, and CXCL2 were significantly unchanged (Supplementary Figure S3), TNF-α was significantly elevated in the infection-derived EVs at both 48 h and 72 h when compared to the control-derived EVs (* p = 0.01 and * p = 0.02, respectively) (Supplementary Figure S2L and Figure 7A, respectively).