Considering our findings of decreased placental ceramides in both T1D and T2D, and increased placental sphingoid-1-phosphate levels in T2D and both types of diabetes with LGA, we next examined the concentrations and activity of sphingosine kinase isoenzymes (SPHK1/2), which have the potential to turn the placental sphingolipid rheostat towards S1P production (Supplementary Figure S3). The gene discussed is SPHK1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.