Although there have been no previous reports on the GSK-3β variation and the risk of AF in other populations, many studies have reported that genetic alterations in GSK-3β are associated with various diseases mediated by oxidative stress pathways, including myocardial ischemia [42], myocardial infarction [43], and Alzheimer’s disease [44]. This evidence concerns the gene GSK3B and atrial fibrillation.