Furthermore, our evidence supports the hypothesis that MS-derived IgG antibodies against procoagulant serine proteases can act as pro-inflammatory stimuli, inducing the expression of E-selectin, GM-CSF, ICAM, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-8, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and TNF-a in MS. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and myeloid sarcoma.