TNF and gout: Accumulating evidence suggests that MSU crystals induce the recruitment and assembly of NLRP3, ASC, and pro-caspase-1, triggering NLRP3 inflammasome activation and resulting in the activation of proinflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6), which ultimately generates uric acid-induced intra-articular inflammation in the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis [2,3,23].