TNF and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For example, non-small cell lung cancer cell lines secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain miR-21/29a, and these enriched EVs are associated with the activation of the tumor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the release of the pre-metastatic inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) [28].