TNF and chronic kidney disease: Circulating levels of molecules involved in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) pathway, such as TNF receptors 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2), were shown to be increased in CKD, in several cohorts of patients, age-groups and races, and with different disease etiologies [9,10,11,12,13].