TNF and dementia: Furthermore, whilst our finding of higher sTNF-R1 levels correlating with lacunes supports sTNF-R1 elevation as a putatively protective response to TNF-associated CSVD progression, we were not able to detect TNF directly due to platform and sample factors (data not shown), and correlations between blood TNF and sTNF-R1 levels are needed in future investigations to validate the functions of TNF-mediated inflammation and responses in VCI and dementia.