ATF4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The EE exposure given to the HFS diet-induced T2D rats resulted in the upregulation of Bdnf, Ntrk2, Irs1, Bcl2, Atf4, Map2k1, Mapk1, Camk2g, Grin1, and Gria2, and the downregulation of Gsk3b.