INS and autoimmune disease: Linkage and genetic association studies have identified >50 loci that contribute to susceptibility or resistance to developing T1DM, including its association with pancreatic beta cell autoimmunity (insulin gene (INS)), inflammatory-associated factors (interleukin-2 signaling pathway, B-cell and T-cell development, and cytokine signaling), human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes, and shared genetic architecture with autoimmune diseases (APS1 and STAT3 poly-autoimmunity) [8,9,10].