SNCA and Parkinson disease: The genetic form of PD has an autosomal recessive or dominant transmission, an early onset, and is characterized by mutations in or deletions of certain genes such as Parkin, Dj-1, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), or SNCA, which have been shown to be involved in protein degradation, antioxidant mechanisms, cellular defense, maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function [6,9,14,44].