A decline in the proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT-1) signalling pathways seems to be the underlying mechanism for reduced mitochondrial biogenesis in the diabetic kidney and the diabetic heart as well, with hypoadiponectinemia being reported to impair AMPK-PGC-1α signalling [30]. The gene discussed is PPARGC1A; the disease is adiponectin deficiency.