TNF and diabetes mellitus: While the intracellular HSP levels are lowered in diabetes and correlated with insulin resistance, in many studies, the levels of extracellular HSP72 (serum/plasma) are elevated in type 1 and type 2 diabetes [46,47,48] and correlated with oxidative damage and stress [47], disease duration [46] and with the CRP levels, monocytes and TNF-α [49,50].