In monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from COPD patients, pretreatment with sulforaphane significantly suppressed the expression of toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) induced by specific agonists, culminating in the reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α levels [215]. Here, TLR2 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.