Exosomes derived from gingival tissue-derived MSCs (GMSCs) preconditioned with TNF-α regulated inflammation and osteoclastogenesis in a ligature-induced periodontitis mouse model by promoting the secretion of exosomes, upregulation of the exosomal CD73 expression, and induction of the polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages [98]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and periodontitis.