VCAM1 and cancer: In addition, previous studies have shown that senescent endothelial cells exhibit enhanced expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) as well as reduced expression of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, which leads to increased vascular permeability and facilitates the dissemination of cancer cells [43–45].