IL-1β was reduced with AF-130 treatment (149 ± 265 vs 3466 ± 1863 pg/mL, n = 4–6, p < 0.05; Fig. 7d), however, TNF-α (81 ± 14 vs. vehicle 93 ± 30, n = 6–9) and IL-10 (132 ± 304 vs. vehicle 183 ± 377, n = 6–8) were not changed (Fig. 7e, f). Here, TNF is linked to atrial fibrillation.