We found that the levels of TGF-β1 mRNA and protein were decreased in NP tissues from patients with eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP, whereas TGF-β1 was increased in diseased sinus mucosa tissues from patients with CRSsNP compared with controls (Supplemental Figure 7, A and D). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.